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Description - From Whirlwind to MITRE by Kent C. Redmond

This book presents an organizational and social history of one of the foundational projects of the computer era: the development of the SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) air defence system, from its first test at Bedford, Massachusetts, in 1951, to the installation of the first unit of the New York Air Defence Sector of the SAGE system in 1958. The idea for SAGE grew out of Project Whirlwind, a wartime computer development effort, when the US Department of Defence realized that the Whirlwind computer might anchor a continent-wide advance warning system. Developed by MIT engineers and scientists for the US Air Force, SAGE monitored North American skies for possible attack by manned aircraft and missiles for 25 years. Aside from its strategic importance, SAGE set the foundation for mass data-processing systems and foreshadowed many computer developments of the 1960s. The heart of the system, the AN/FSQ-7, was the first computer to have an internal memory composed of "magnetic cores", thousands of tiny ferrite rings that served as reversible electromagnets.
SAGE also introduced computer-driven displays, online terminals, time sharing, high-reliability computation, digital signal processing, digital transmission over telephone lines, digital track-while-scan, digital simulation, computer networking and duplex computing. The book shows how the wartime alliance of engineers, scientists and the military exemplified by MIT's Radiation Lab helped to transform research and development practice in the United States through the end of the Cold War period.

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