" ′Classic geopolitics′ examines the impact of physical geography on political actions.

" ′Critical geopolitics′, a parallel strand to the ′classical′ tradition, challenges the notion of geography as a passive backdrop to international affairs and examines the socially constructed nature of geographical claims.

" ′Popular geopolitics′ looks at geopolitics as it has been presented outside of the formal academic arena, for example in popular journals such as Life or Reader′s Digest