These studies of the theory and practice of translation in the Middle Ages are from papers read at a conference held from 20-23 August 1987 at the University of Wales Conference Centre, Gregynog Hall. They show a wide range of translational practices, on texts which range from anonymous Middle English romances and biblical commentaries to the writings of Usk, Chaucer and Malory. Included is a paper on a hitherto unknown woman translator - Dame Eleanor Hull - which compares a draft translation with its fair copy to show how its translator worked.